Fixed, smooth bed flow:

The flume may be used without sediment on the bed to demonstrate the following flow phenomena and governing equations:

• Tranquil, subcritical flow – movement of surface waves upstream against flow
• Rapid, supercritical flow – dominance of inertial over gravity forces, ‘shock waves’ from flow obstructions
• Hydraulic jump – transition from super to subcritical flow, air entrainment, mixing
• Turbulence – flow visualisation for example by dye injection from a hypodermic syringe (not supplied)
• Flow measurement – using sharp crested weirs
• Governing equations of open channel flow – Reynolds’ number, Froude number, continuity, Bernoulli’s equation, weir equations

Flow over a mobile sandbed:

Sequence of bedforms associated with increasing flow intensity and sediment transport rate. The following bedforms are exhibited (as discharge and/or slope are increased):

• Lower regime:

Plane bed (no motion)

Ripples

Ripples and dunes

Dunes

Washed out dunes

• Upper regime:

Plane bed (with motion)

Standing waves

Antidunes

Breaking antidunes

Chutes and pools

Mechanics of sediment transport:

Starting from a plane bed with no motion, the movement of grains can be observed with emphasis on the following:

• Initiation of motion
• Trajectory of initial motion
• Movement by rolling and sliding (contact load)
• Movement by hopping (saltation load)

Depositionary features and facies:

The deposition of sediment load can be observed and the resulting patterns of grains within the sand body (such as cross bedding, foreset beds etc.) may be identified. The significance of such features when found in geological records can be discussed.

Local scour:

Scour under boils and vortices in the flow is observed under both the lower and upper regime bedforms. Artificial obstructions may be introduced to represent bridge piers, revetments, sills or other man-made structures, and the resulting pattern of scour examined. Two such models are included.

Flow structures:

The structure of turbulence in the flow may be examined using dye injection (dye injector not included). This is particularly interesting for the dune bedform configuration and clearly demonstrates separation on the lee face.

Bedform hysteresis:

If the discharge in the flume changes quickly, there is insufficient time for bedforms to adjust to the new flow regime. Hence, if a flood hydrograph is simulated by increasing and then decreasing the discharge, different depths (stages) will occur for the same discharge on the rising and falling limbs. This effect is of major importance to gauging stations on sandbed rivers. It is easily and clearly demonstrated in the flume.

Computational work:

In addition to illustrating flow and sediment phenomena, the flume can be used for basic data collection and numerical evaluation of the following:

• Flow resistance:

Manning, Chezy and Darcy

Weisbach friction factors for various bedform configurations

• Bedform prediction:

Hjulstrom diagram (velocity)

Bogardi diagram (shields parameter)

Simons and Richardson charts (stream power)

Leeder chart (boundary shear stress)

Movement by suspension (suspended load)

• Initiation of motion:

Hjulstrom’s curve – Shields diagram

Flow over a fixed, gravelbed:

The flume cannot transport gravel, but can be used to investigate flow resistance in gravel and polder bed rivers. The flow resistance coefficients may be calculated using equations (such as those of Bray, Limerinos, Hey, Lacey, Thompson & Campbell, and Bathurst), and the results compared to the actual values obtained by observation. It is recommended that users obtain actual gravel material from local sources (gravel not supplied by Armfield).